Concurrency Basics

10 examples to get you started with Concurrency - 7 basic and 3 intermediate.

Prerequisites

• Install Go 1.26.x or later from go.dev/dl.
• Create a module: mkdir conc && cd conc && go mod init example.com/conc.
• Save each snippet as main.go and run with go run ..
• Run go test -race ./... when examples use shared state.

Basic Examples

1. Launch a goroutine

Start work concurrently with go.

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
 
func main() {
    go func() {
        fmt.Println("from goroutine")
    }()
    time.Sleep(100 * time.Millisecond) // wait so output appears before exit
    fmt.Println("from main")
}

• go schedules the function on a new goroutine; it returns immediately.
• Without a wait, main may exit before the goroutine prints.
• Prefer sync.WaitGroup or channels over time.Sleep in real code.

Related: Concurrency in Go: Goroutines and Channels First - CSP mental model

2. Unbuffered channel handoff

Sender and receiver meet at the channel.

package main
 
import "fmt"
 
func main() {
    ch := make(chan string)
    go func() { ch <- "ping" }()
    msg := <-ch
    fmt.Println(msg)
}

• make(chan string) creates an unbuffered channel - zero capacity.
• Send blocks until receive is ready; that is the synchronization point.
• The value passes by copy (for small types); large structs may use pointers.

Related: Channels: Buffered, Unbuffered & Closing Rules - buffer and close rules

3. Buffered channel

Decouple sender and receiver up to capacity.

package main
 
import "fmt"
 
func main() {
    ch := make(chan int, 2)
    ch <- 1
    ch <- 2
    fmt.Println(<-ch, <-ch)
}

• make(chan int, 2) allows two sends without a waiting receiver.
• Third send would block until someone receives.
• Size buffers to your pipeline's natural burst, not arbitrarily large.

Related: Channels: Buffered, Unbuffered & Closing Rules - when to buffer

4. sync.WaitGroup

Wait for a batch of goroutines to finish.

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)
 
func main() {
    var wg sync.WaitGroup
    for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func(n int) {
            defer wg.Done()
            fmt.Println("worker", n)
        }(i)
    }
    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Println("done")
}

• Add before go, Done in a defer inside the worker.
• Wait blocks until the counter returns to zero.
• Pass loop variables as parameters to avoid closure capture bugs on older patterns.

Related: sync.Mutex, RWMutex & WaitGroup - WaitGroup details

5. Close and range over a channel

Signal completion by closing from the sender.

package main
 
import "fmt"
 
func main() {
    ch := make(chan int, 3)
    ch <- 1
    ch <- 2
    ch <- 3
    close(ch)
    for v := range ch {
        fmt.Println(v)
    }
}

• range drains until the channel is closed and empty.
• Only the sender should close; sending on a closed channel panics.
• Receiving after close yields zero values with ok == false in two-value form.

Related: Channels: Buffered, Unbuffered & Closing Rules - ownership rules

6. select with one case

select waits on channel operations (here, a single receive).

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
 
func main() {
    ch := make(chan string)
    go func() {
        time.Sleep(50 * time.Millisecond)
        ch <- "ready"
    }()
    select {
    case msg := <-ch:
        fmt.Println(msg)
    }
}

• select blocks until one case can proceed.
• With one case it behaves like a receive but sets up for adding timeouts.
• Add a default branch for non-blocking behavior.

Related: select Statement & Default Cases - multiplexing patterns

7. Mutex protecting shared state

When multiple goroutines mutate data, lock it.

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "sync"
)
 
func main() {
    var mu sync.Mutex
    count := 0
    var wg sync.WaitGroup
    for i := 0; i < 100; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func() {
            defer wg.Done()
            mu.Lock()
            count++
            mu.Unlock()
        }()
    }
    wg.Wait()
    fmt.Println(count)
}

• Mutex serializes critical sections - here count++.
• Always pair Lock with Unlock; defer mu.Unlock() after Lock is idiomatic.
• Run with -race to catch missing locks.

Related: sync.Mutex, RWMutex & WaitGroup - lock discipline

Intermediate Examples

8. select with timeout

Avoid waiting forever on slow work.

package main
 
import (
    "fmt"
    "time"
)
 
func main() {
    ch := make(chan string)
    select {
    case msg := <-ch:
        fmt.Println(msg)
    case <-time.After(100 * time.Millisecond):
        fmt.Println("timeout")
    }
}

• time.After returns a channel that fires after the duration.
• Whichever case is ready first wins; here nothing sends, so timeout prints.
• In servers, tie timeouts to context.Context deadlines instead of ad-hoc sleeps.

Related: select Statement & Default Cases - timeout recipes

9. Fan-out simple pipeline

One producer, one consumer goroutine.

package main
 
import "fmt"
 
func main() {
    jobs := make(chan int, 5)
    done := make(chan struct{})
 
    go func() {
        for j := range jobs {
            fmt.Println("processed", j)
        }
        close(done)
    }()
 
    for i := 1; i <= 3; i++ {
        jobs <- i
    }
    close(jobs)
    <-done
}

• Closing jobs lets the worker range exit cleanly.
• done signals the consumer finished - alternative to WaitGroup.
• Pipelines scale by adding stages and bounded buffers between them.

Related: Goroutines: Creation Cost & Scheduling Overview - scheduling many workers

10. Detect races in tests

Build with -race to catch unsynchronized access.

package main
 
import (
    "sync"
    "testing"
)
 
func TestCounter(t *testing.T) {
    var wg sync.WaitGroup
    n := 0
    for i := 0; i < 10; i++ {
        wg.Add(1)
        go func() {
            defer wg.Done()
            n++ // race: uncomment mu from example 7 to fix
        }()
    }
    wg.Wait()
}

• Run go test -race - the race detector reports conflicting accesses.
• Fix with mutex, atomic, or channel handoff - not by ignoring reports.
• Enable -race in CI for packages that use goroutines.

Related: Race Detector: Running and Interpreting Output - reading race output

Stack versions: This page was written for Go 1.26.x (Green Tea GC default, go fix modernizers - verify patch at build), chi (latest - verify at build), gin (latest - verify at build), echo (latest - verify at build), google.golang.org/grpc (latest - verify at build), sigs.k8s.io/controller-runtime (latest - verify at build), kubebuilder (latest - verify at build), tinygo (latest - verify board targets at build), wazero (latest - verify at build), and golangci-lint (latest - verify linter set at build). WTI5a1pXZDFhV1JsY3k1cGIzeGpaMmx2TkRBMWZESXdNall3Tnc9PQ==